Cambios

The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]] and [[Orofaringe - Anatomía & Fisiología|orofaringe]]. It is involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipulating food in the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]]. It is also involved in the [[Deglutition|deglutition]] reflex and vocalisation. The tongue is capable of vigorous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]].

The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]] and [[Orofaringe - Anatomía & Fisiología|orofaringe]]. It is involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipulating food in the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]]. It is also involved in the [[Deglutition|deglutition]] reflex and vocalisation. The tongue is capable of vigorous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]].

[[Image:Tongue Anatomy Cow.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Anatomía de la lengua (Vaca) - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

[[Image:Tongue Anatomy Cow.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Anatomía de la lengua (Vaca) - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

 

==Estructura y Función==

==Estructura y Función==

The tongue is skeletal muscle dorsally and structural fat surrounded by a cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa (canids only) ventrally. It has an attached root and body with a free apex. The '''frenulum''' (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]]. The root of tongue is attached to the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomía & Fisiología|hyoid bone]]. In the horse and dog, the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the '''median sulcus'''. In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue is 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The '''torus linguae''' is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]].

The tongue is skeletal muscle dorsally and structural fat surrounded by a cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa (canids only) ventrally. It has an attached root and body with a free apex. The '''frenulum''' (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]]. The root of tongue is attached to the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomía & Fisiología|hyoid bone]]. In the horse and dog, the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the '''median sulcus'''. In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue is 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The '''torus linguae''' is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]].

[[Image:Tongue Anatomy Cow2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tongue Anatomy (Cow) - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

[[Image:Tongue Anatomy Cow2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tongue Anatomy (Cow) - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

 

==Músculos==

==Músculos==

[[Image:Tongue Venous Drainage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Venous Drainage of the Tongue - Copyright Prof. Pat Mccarthy]]

[[Image:Tongue Venous Drainage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Venous Drainage of the Tongue - Copyright Prof. Pat Mccarthy]]

Intrinsic muscles include the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles and the transverse and vertical bundles.  

Intrinsic muscles include the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles and the transverse and vertical bundles.  

 

===Músculos Extrínsecos===

===Músculos Extrínsecos===

 

The extrinsic muscles include:  

The extrinsic muscles include:  

All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN XII]]). The rostral 2/3 of the tongue is innervated by the sensory lingual branch of the trigeminal ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN V]]) transmitting temperature, touch and pain sensation. The chorda tympani of the facial nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN VII]]) transmits the taste. The caudal 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN IX]]) providing motor function for taste.

All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN XII]]). The rostral 2/3 of the tongue is innervated by the sensory lingual branch of the trigeminal ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN V]]) transmitting temperature, touch and pain sensation. The chorda tympani of the facial nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN VII]]) transmits the taste. The caudal 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN IX]]) providing motor function for taste.

 

==Vasculatura==

==Vasculatura==

The main blood supply to the tongue is via the '''lingual artery''', a branch of the external carotid artery. A secondary blood supply to the tongue is provided via the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

The main blood supply to the tongue is via the '''lingual artery''', a branch of the external carotid artery. A secondary blood supply to the tongue is provided via the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

 

==Histología==

==Histología==

[[Image:Tongue Histology Cat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Histología de la lengua (Gato) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Tongue Histology Cat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Histología de la lengua (Gato) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

The tongue consists of stratified squamous epithelium. There are [[Lingual Gland - Anatomía & Fisiología|lingual]] glands and a mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface. The degree of keratinisation depends on the diet. There is less keratinisation on the ventral surface and sides of tongue. It is covered by papillae for protection and taste. Papillae are specialised projections of the mucosa. Some papillae have taste buds, others are mechanical to roughen the surface of the tongue.

La lengua se compone de epitelio escamoso estratificado. Hay glándulas [[Glándula Lengual - Anatomía & Fisiología|lenguales]] y una capa de mucosa que se adhiere a la superficie de contacto. El grado de queratinización depende de la dieta. Hay menos queratinización en la superficie ventral y los lados de la lengua. Está cubierta por papilas para protección y el gusto. Papilas están proyecciones especializadas de la mucosa. Algunos tienen papilas papilas gustativas, otras son mecánicas para raspar la superficie de la lengua.

==Tipos de Papila==

==Tipos de Papila==

===Conical===

===Conico===

Conical papillae are not found in horses. They are present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue. They point caudally and have no taste buds. There is a thick epithelium.

No se encuentran papilas cónicas en los caballos. Están presentes en la tercera caudal, de la lengua. Se orientan caudalmente y no tienen papilas gustativas. Hay un epitelio grueso.

 

[[Image:Foliate_Papillae_Cat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Foliate Papillae (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Foliate_Papillae_Cat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Foliate Papillae (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

===Foliate===

===Folio===

Eight to twelve papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline. Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium, present in the caudal third of the tongue. There are taste buds, glands and lymphatics present.

Ocho a doce papilas en pliegues paralelos, uno a cada lado de la línea media de la lengua. Consiste de un epitelio escamoso estratificado, presente en la tercera caudal de la lengua. Hay papilas gustativas, glándulas y vasos linfáticos presentes.

===Vallate===

===Vallatecaliciformes===

[[Image:Circumvallate Papillae.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Circumvallate Papillae (Goat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Circumvallate Papillae.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Circumvallate Papillae (Goat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

There are three to six, often secondary papillae in taste buds. There are broad glands in the caudal 1/3 of tongue. Taste buds and lymphatics are present.

Hay tres a seis, a menudo papilas secundarias en las papilas gustativas. Hay glándulas amplios en la tercera caudal de la lengua. Las papilas gustativas y los vasos linfáticos están presentes.

 

===Fungiformes===

===Fungiform===

Se forman los puntos rojos sobre la superficie de la lengua y consisten en epitelio queratinizado, escamoso estratificado y los vasos sanguíneos. Están involucrados en la pérdida de calor a través del jadeo en los perros. Están presentes en el rostral 2/3 de la lengua y contienen papilas gustativas.

They form the red dots on tongue surface and consist of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium and blood vessels. They are involved in loss of heat via panting in dogs. They are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue and contain taste buds.

 

[[Image:Filoform Papillae Histology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Filoform Papillae Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Filoform Papillae Histology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Filoform Papillae Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]

===Filiform===

===Filiformes===

Filiform papillae are the most numerous and point caudally. There are no taste buds, glands or lymphatics. They are the smallest and consist of a thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium. They are very prominent in cat and are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue.

Papilas filiformes son las más numerosas y se orientan caudalmente. No hay papilas gustativas, glándulas o ganglios linfáticos. Ellos son los más pequeños y se componen de una queratina grueso en el epitelio escamoso estratificado. Son muy importantes y en el gato estan presentes en la rostral 2/3 de la lengua.

==[[Gustatory System - Anatomía & Fisiología|Taste Buds]]==

==[[Papilas Gustativas - Anatomía & Fisiología|Papilas Gustativas]]==

Also found on the [[Paladar Blando|paladar blando]] and [[Faringe - Anatomía & Fisiología|faringe]] (but sparsely distributed). There is a constant cell turnover, with flat, thick cells. There are taste hairs (microvilli) pointing though the taste pore. Nerves transduce chemical signals into nervous signals.

También se encuentran en el [[Paladar Blando|paladar blando]] y la [[Faringe - Anatomía & Fisiología|faringe]] (pero distribuidos escasamente). Hay una renovación celular constante, con células gruesas y planas. Hay pelos gustativas (microvellosidades) saliendo por el poro gustativo. Los nervios transducen señales químicas a señales nerviosas.

==Diferencias Entre las Especies==

==Diferencias Entre las Especies==

[[Image:Pig Tongue.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Lengua de Cerdo'' <br> Pollo 2007, WikiMedia Commons]]

[[Image:Pig Tongue.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Lengua de Cerdo'' <br> Pollo 2007, WikiMedia Commons]]

===Canino===

===Canino===

There are stretch receptors in the tongue and they use the tongue to lose heat by panting.

Hay receptores de estiramiento en la lengua y utilizan la lengua para perder calor por jadeo.

===Rumiante===

===Rumiante===

The tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface). The ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation.

La lengua está fuertemente queratinizado con papilas largas para comer (la superficie de protección). La vaca tiene papilas lenticulares que son duros y calientes debido a la queratinización pesados.

===Felina===

===Felina===

Feline species have long papillae for grooming, so their tongue is rough.

Especies felinas tienen papilas largas para cuando se lamen, por lo que su lengua es áspera.

===Porcino===

===Porcino===

Most of the papillae are soft, long and directed caudally.

La mayor parte de las papilas son suaves, largos y dirigidos caudalmente.

===[[Avian Tongue - Anatomía & Fisiología|Avian]] ===

===[[La Lengua Aviar - Anatomía & Fisiología|Aviar]] ===

The avian tongue contains a bone and is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals. Parrots use the tongue to produce human sounds (see [[Syringe - Anatomía & Fisiología#Diferencias Entre las Especies|species differences in syrinx]])

La lengua aviar contiene un hueso y se utiliza principalmente para la manipulación de los alimentos en lugar de vocalización como en los mamíferos. Loros usan la lengua para producir sonidos humanos (ver [[Syringe - Anatomía & Fisiología#Diferencias Entre las Especies|las diferencias entre especies en siringe]])

==Comprobar tus conocimientos con los Flashcards de la lengua y Facial Muscle==

==Comprobar tus conocimientos con los Flashcards de la lengua y Facial Muscle==

[[Cavidad Oral - Anatomía & Fisiología - Flashcards#Tongue Flashcards|Tongue Flashcards]]

[[Cavidad Oral - Anatomía & Fisiología - Flashcards#Tongue Flashcards|Tongue Flashcards]]

[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial Muscles Flashcards]]

[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Flashcards de los músculos faciales]]

==Enlaces==

==Enlaces==