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==Introduction==
==Introducción==
A highly malignant tumour of vascular endothelial origin. Commonly affect dogs and the most frequently affected areas are the spleen, pericardium, right atrium, liver and muscle. The cat is affected less frequently and the most common sites are the liver, spleen and mesentry. Metastasis occurs via the haematogenous route or via rupture and transabdominal spread. Metastatic sites include, lungs, liver, omentum, diaphragm and less commonly brain. Surgery is the treatment of choice but even with this survival time remains very short.
A highly malignant tumour of vascular endothelial origin. Commonly affect dogs and the most frequently affected areas are the spleen, pericardium, right atrium, liver and muscle. The cat is affected less frequently and the most common sites are the liver, spleen and mesentry. Metastasis occurs via the haematogenous route or via rupture and transabdominal spread. Metastatic sites include, lungs, liver, omentum, diaphragm and less commonly brain. Surgery is the treatment of choice but even with this survival time remains very short.
==Signalment==
Es un tumor altamente maligno que tiene su origen en el endotelio vascular. Comúnmente afecta a perros, sobre todo a nivel del bazo, pericardio, aurícula derecha, hígado y músculo. Es menor la incidencia en el gato, siendo en esta especie los órganos más afectados el hígado, bazo y mesenterio. La metástasis ocurre vía hematógena o por ruptura y expansión transabdominal. Entre los lugares de metástasis se incluyen los pulmones, el hígado, el omento y el diafragma. La cirugía es el tratamiento de elección pero, desgraciadamente, no se consigue prolongar la vida del paciente por mucho tiempo.
==Razas Más Afectadas==
Often found in German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers over 9 years of age. Domestic Short haired cats are the most commonly affected cat breed.
Often found in German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers over 9 years of age. Domestic Short haired cats are the most commonly affected cat breed.
Suele darse en Pastores Alemanes y Golden Retrievers, alrededor de los 9 años de edad. El gato doméstico de pelo corto es la raza de felino más afectada.
==History and Clinical Signs==
==Historía y Signos Clínicos==
Can vary depending on the anatomic site that the mass is affecting.
Can vary depending on the anatomic site that the mass is affecting.
Signs such as anorexia, lethargy, weakness, [[vomiting]] and [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]] are common.
Signs such as anorexia, lethargy, weakness, [[vomiting]] and [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]] are common.
Animals may have history of multiple episodes of collapse following repeated rupture of an abdominal mass, leading to non-fatal haemoabdomen. Occasionally can be found dead following catastrophic rupture and fatal haemoabdmen.
Animals may have history of multiple episodes of collapse following repeated rupture of an abdominal mass, leading to non-fatal haemoabdomen. Occasionally can be found dead following catastrophic rupture and fatal haemoabdmen.
Puede variar según el lugar anatómico que se está viendo afectado. Entre los signos generales encontramos anorexia, letargia, debilidad, vómito y anemia. A veces, el animal puede sufrir un colapso seguido de la rotura de la masa de tejido neoplásico, llevando a un hemoabdomen. Si esto ocurre mientras el animal está sin supervisión, puede ser encontrado muerto.
En las ocasiones en que el corazón se encuentra involucrado, puede presentarse insuficiencia cardíaca. Si se trata del sistema nervioso, pueden darse una alta variedad de anormalidades.
In instances where the heart (right auricle) is involved, animals may die suddenly or present in [[:Category:heart Failure|heart failure]]. Rupture of the mass and haemorrhage into the pericardial sac leads to compression of the heart, which can no longer fill with blood during diastole ([[Cardiac Tamponade|cardiac tamponade]]).
In instances where the heart (right auricle) is involved, animals may die suddenly or present in [[:Category:heart Failure|heart failure]]. Rupture of the mass and haemorrhage into the pericardial sac leads to compression of the heart, which can no longer fill with blood during diastole ([[Cardiac Tamponade|cardiac tamponade]]).
If the nervous system is involved a range of neurological abnormalities will also be present.
If the nervous system is involved a range of neurological abnormalities will also be present.
==Laboratory Tests==
==Pruebas de Laboratorio==
====Haematology====
====Hematología====
Anaemia will be evident which may be [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|regenerative]] if due to blood loss, or microangiopathic due to the passage of [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] through the microvascular network of the tumour.
Anaemia will be evident which may be [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|regenerative]] if due to blood loss, or microangiopathic due to the passage of [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] through the microvascular network of the tumour.
This results in the presence of schistocytes in dogs but not cats.
This results in the presence of schistocytes in dogs but not cats.
A [[Neutrophilia|neutrophilia]] and [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]] may also be present.
A [[Neutrophilia|neutrophilia]] and [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]] may also be present.
==Diagnostic Imaging==
Se hace evidente una anemia que muy probablemente será regenerativa cuando es debida a una pérdida de sangre. El paso de eritrocitos por los pequeños pero abundantes vasos del entramado vascular del tumor, produce su acumulación y ruptura. Así pues, suelen verse esquistocitos en perros pero no en gatos.
===Radiography===
==Diagnóstico por Imagen==
===Radiografía===
Útil para buscar focos de metástasis.
===Ecografía===
This is sensitive in identifying liver and splenic masses where the spleen will show a mixed or non-homogenoeous pattern and the liver will look hypoechoic or anechoic. It can also be useful to detect metastatic spread.
Permite identificar masas en hígado y bazo. El bazo mostrará ecotextura heterogénea, mientras que el hígado se aparecerá hipoecogénico o anecogénico. También es útil en la identificación de metástasis.
==Biopsia==
The only way to to form a definitive diagnosis is following a biopsy and histopathology. This is needed to differentiate haemangiosarcoma from splenic haematoma, haemangioma and accessory splenic tissue.
Es el paso definitivo para un buen diagnóstico. Es necesario para diferenciar el hemagiosarcoma del hematoma esplénico, el hemangioma y el tejido esplénico accesorio.
This is sensitive in identifying liver and splenic masses where the spleen will show a mixed or non-homogenoeous pattern and the liver will look hypoechoic or anechoic. It can also be useful to detect metastatic spread.
This is sensitive in identifying liver and splenic masses where the spleen will show a mixed or non-homogenoeous pattern and the liver will look hypoechoic or anechoic. It can also be useful to detect metastatic spread.
==Biopsy==
==Tratamiento==
===Cirugía===
===Surgery===
Surgery is the treatment of choice for haemangiosarcoma in the dog and cat. All diseased tissue should be removed and splenic haemangiosarcoma should be treated via splenectomy. Local removal is difficult if the pericardium and right atrium is involved. A pericardectomy can be undertaken but the prognosis with tumours at this location is grave.
Surgery is the treatment of choice for haemangiosarcoma in the dog and cat. All diseased tissue should be removed and splenic haemangiosarcoma should be treated via splenectomy. Local removal is difficult if the pericardium and right atrium is involved. A pericardectomy can be undertaken but the prognosis with tumours at this location is grave.
La intervención quirúrgica es el tratamiento de elección para el hemangiosarcoma en perros y gatos. Debe de retirarse todo el tejido afectado y, en caso de hemangiosarcoma esplénico, debe de realizarse una esplenectomía. La eliminación local es más difícil si se ven involucrados el pericardo y la aurícula derecha. En estos casos, puede realizarse una pericardioctomía, pero el pronóstico para tumores en esta localización es grave.
===Chemotherapy===
===Quimoterapia===
This will provide a palliative treatment for animals with multiple masses or as an adjuvant therapy post-operatively.
This will provide a palliative treatment for animals with multiple masses or as an adjuvant therapy post-operatively.
Doxorubicin based products are the most commonly used drugs for haemangiosarcomas.
Doxorubicin based products are the most commonly used drugs for haemangiosarcomas.
Proporciona un tratamiento paliativo para animales con varias masas o como un ayudante en la terapia durante el postoperativo. Los productos basados en la doxorubicina son los fármacos más comúnmente usados.
==Prognosis==
==Prognóstico==
Desfavorable debido a la alta probabilidad de metástasis y al curso rápido de la enfermedad.
{{Learning
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Haemangiosarcoma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=55&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Haemangiosarcoma]
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Haemangiosarcoma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=55&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Haemangiosarcoma]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181324.pdf ''' A review and what's new in canine hemangiosarcoma.''' Garrett, L. D.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 956-959]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181324.pdf ''' A review and what's new in canine hemangiosarcoma.''' Garrett, L. D.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 956-959]
}}
}}
==References==
==Referencias==
Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
[[Category:Liver,_Primary_Tumours]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Liver,_Primary_Tumours]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Neoplastic_Pathology]]
[[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Neoplastic_Pathology]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]][[Category:Splenic Neoplasia]]
[[Categoría:Neoplasia]][[Categoría:Neoplasias del Bazo]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]