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Página creada con 'Also Known As: '''''BHV-4 — Passenger Virus — Movar Virus''''' ==Introduction== BHV-4 is a member of the '''''Herpesvirus''''' causing '''[[:Category:Repr...'
Also Known As: '''''BHV-4 — Passenger Virus — Movar Virus'''''
==Introduction==
BHV-4 is a member of the '''''[[Herpesviridae|Herpesvirus]]''''' causing '''[[:Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle|reproductive disease]] in cattle in the form of [[Endometritis - Cattle|endometritis]], vulvovaginits, associated abortion and [[Mastitis|mastitis]]. Most disease is however, subclinical''', hence its common name of “passenger virus”.
The virus '''replicates within mucosal cells and then invades the mononuclear cells''', causing generalised infection and '''crossing the placenta''' to infect the unborn foetus.
==Distribution==
Worldwide, although prevalence varies.
BHV-4 is '''transmitted directly and indirectly via infected materials''' containing mainly respiratory but also genital secretions from infected animals.
==Signalment==
A range of ruminants can be infected, including '''American bison, buffalo, sheep and goats.'''
The virus has also been isolated from lions and cats.
==Clinical Signs==
BHV-4 can cause '''abortion and births of weak or dead lambs, calves and kids'''. It can also increase the incidence of '''retained foetal membranes.'''
In dairy cattle, BHV-4 can cause '''mastitis''' and associated udder lesions and milk changes.
The virus has also been isolated from cases of '''conjunctivitis and [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle|respiratory disease]]''' in calves but it is unclear and somewhat doubtful whether it was the responsible pathogen in these cases. The respiratory route is however the main route of transmission of the virus.
As with all [[Herpesviridae|herpesviruses]], BHV-4 can '''undergo latency, often residing in the trigeminal ganglia''' similarly to [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|BHV-1 (IBR)]] and '''recrudescing with stress''' and/or immunosuppression. '''Recovered cattle often become latent carriers'''. Both acute and latent infections are highly prevalent in endemic BHV-4 areas.
==Diagnosis==
BHV-4 can be '''isolated from nasal or vaginal secretions''' or from triturated organs harvested from cows at necropsy.
Viral DNA can be detected by '''PCR.'''
Antibodies to BHV-4 can be detected using '''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]] and Indirect [[Immunofluorescence]]'''. Immunoperoxidase assays are also available.
It must always be considered that presence and positive identification of BHV-4 does not mean that it is responsible for the observed disease.
==Treatment==
No treatment except supportive care is available. Recovered animals are often latent carriers of infection and will shed virus sporadically, providing a source of infection for others.
==Control==
'''Exclusive use of hygienic measures''' can gain control of BHV-4. Seropositive animals should be removed wherever possible due to the high likelihood that they are latent carriers of disease. '''Infected cows that calve should be isolated''' approaching and following parturition, as huge quantities of virus are shed in uterine exudates.
'''Vaccines were developed in the USA''' but are not widely used.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Bovine Herpesvirus-4 Flashcards|BHV-4 Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91720&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 bovine herpesvirus 4] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91709&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 bovine herpesvirus 4 infection]
|date = 29 July 2011
}}
<br><br><br>
{{Nick Lyons
|date = 1 September 2011
}}
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Herpesviridae]]
[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]
==Introduction==
BHV-4 is a member of the '''''[[Herpesviridae|Herpesvirus]]''''' causing '''[[:Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle|reproductive disease]] in cattle in the form of [[Endometritis - Cattle|endometritis]], vulvovaginits, associated abortion and [[Mastitis|mastitis]]. Most disease is however, subclinical''', hence its common name of “passenger virus”.
The virus '''replicates within mucosal cells and then invades the mononuclear cells''', causing generalised infection and '''crossing the placenta''' to infect the unborn foetus.
==Distribution==
Worldwide, although prevalence varies.
BHV-4 is '''transmitted directly and indirectly via infected materials''' containing mainly respiratory but also genital secretions from infected animals.
==Signalment==
A range of ruminants can be infected, including '''American bison, buffalo, sheep and goats.'''
The virus has also been isolated from lions and cats.
==Clinical Signs==
BHV-4 can cause '''abortion and births of weak or dead lambs, calves and kids'''. It can also increase the incidence of '''retained foetal membranes.'''
In dairy cattle, BHV-4 can cause '''mastitis''' and associated udder lesions and milk changes.
The virus has also been isolated from cases of '''conjunctivitis and [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle|respiratory disease]]''' in calves but it is unclear and somewhat doubtful whether it was the responsible pathogen in these cases. The respiratory route is however the main route of transmission of the virus.
As with all [[Herpesviridae|herpesviruses]], BHV-4 can '''undergo latency, often residing in the trigeminal ganglia''' similarly to [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|BHV-1 (IBR)]] and '''recrudescing with stress''' and/or immunosuppression. '''Recovered cattle often become latent carriers'''. Both acute and latent infections are highly prevalent in endemic BHV-4 areas.
==Diagnosis==
BHV-4 can be '''isolated from nasal or vaginal secretions''' or from triturated organs harvested from cows at necropsy.
Viral DNA can be detected by '''PCR.'''
Antibodies to BHV-4 can be detected using '''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]] and Indirect [[Immunofluorescence]]'''. Immunoperoxidase assays are also available.
It must always be considered that presence and positive identification of BHV-4 does not mean that it is responsible for the observed disease.
==Treatment==
No treatment except supportive care is available. Recovered animals are often latent carriers of infection and will shed virus sporadically, providing a source of infection for others.
==Control==
'''Exclusive use of hygienic measures''' can gain control of BHV-4. Seropositive animals should be removed wherever possible due to the high likelihood that they are latent carriers of disease. '''Infected cows that calve should be isolated''' approaching and following parturition, as huge quantities of virus are shed in uterine exudates.
'''Vaccines were developed in the USA''' but are not widely used.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Bovine Herpesvirus-4 Flashcards|BHV-4 Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91720&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 bovine herpesvirus 4] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91709&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 bovine herpesvirus 4 infection]
|date = 29 July 2011
}}
<br><br><br>
{{Nick Lyons
|date = 1 September 2011
}}
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Herpesviridae]]
[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]