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|species = ''R. salmoninarum''
|species = ''R. salmoninarum''
}}
}}
También conocido como: '''''Enfermedad Bacteriana del Riñón –- Corynebacterial Kidney Disease -– Dee Disease –- Salmonid Kidney Disease -– White Boil Disease'''''
==Introduction==
==Introducción==
'''''Renibacterium salmoninarum''''' is a '''gram positive, rod shaped, non spore forming intracellular [[Bacteria|bacterium]]''' that causes '''Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) in salmonid fish'''.
'''''Renibacterium salmoninarum''''' es una [[Bacterias|bacteria]] '''gram-positiva, rod shaped, non spore forming intracellular''' y causa '''Enfermedad Bacteriana del Riñon (EBR) en peces salmónidos'''.
BKD is usually a '''chronic disease''' and causes mortality in '''juvenile fish and pre-spawning adults'''. Due to its prevalence, it has a significant impact upon both farmed fish and conservation efforts in wild endangered species.<ref>Flagg, T. A., Mahnken, C. V. M., Johnson, K. A (1995) '''Captive broodstocks for recovery of Snake River sockeye salmon.''' In: Schramm ,H. L., Piper, R. G., eds. '''Uses and effects of cultured fishes in aquatic ecosystems.''' ''Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, Symposium'' 15, 81-90</ref> Its production of '''chronic granulomata''' within the tissues is '''similar to that caused by [[Mycobacteria spp.|''Mycobacteria'' spp.]] in mammals.'''
BKD is usually a '''chronic disease''' and causes mortality in '''juvenile fish and pre-spawning adults'''. Due to its prevalence, it has a significant impact upon both farmed fish and conservation efforts in wild endangered species.<ref>Flagg, T. A., Mahnken, C. V. M., Johnson, K. A (1995) '''Captive broodstocks for recovery of Snake River sockeye salmon.''' In: Schramm ,H. L., Piper, R. G., eds. '''Uses and effects of cultured fishes in aquatic ecosystems.''' ''Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, Symposium'' 15, 81-90</ref> Its production of '''chronic granulomata''' within the tissues is '''similar to that caused by [[Mycobacteria spp.|''Mycobacteria'' spp.]] in mammals.'''
Esta enfermedad no es zoonótica.
==Distribution==
==Distribución==
América del Norte, Reino Unido, Europa Continental, Japón, Chile y Scandinavia.
Disease can be spread '''horizontally via shared water'''<ref>Bell, G. R., Higgs, D. A., Traxler, G. S (1984) '''The effect of dietary ascorbate, zinc, and manganese on the development of experimentally induced bacterial kidney disease in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)'''. Aquaculture, 36(4):293-311</ref> and '''vertically'''<ref>Pascho, R. J., Elliott, D. G., Streufert, J. M (1991) '''Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoni.''' ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms'', 12(1):25-40</ref>. This transmission via the egg makes it unusual as a bacterial pathogen.
Disease can be spread '''horizontally via shared water'''<ref>Bell, G. R., Higgs, D. A., Traxler, G. S (1984) '''The effect of dietary ascorbate, zinc, and manganese on the development of experimentally induced bacterial kidney disease in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)'''. Aquaculture, 36(4):293-311</ref> and '''vertically'''<ref>Pascho, R. J., Elliott, D. G., Streufert, J. M (1991) '''Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoni.''' ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms'', 12(1):25-40</ref>. This transmission via the egg makes it unusual as a bacterial pathogen.
Most outbreaks have occurred in '''fish culture''' facilities. As the bacteria are often '''enzootic in wild populations''' and waterborne, transmission to captive fish is often a concern.
Most outbreaks have occurred in '''fish culture''' facilities. As the bacteria are often '''enzootic in wild populations''' and waterborne, transmission to captive fish is often a concern.
==Signalment==
==Peces Susceptibles==
'''Salmonids''' of the ''Onchorhynchus, Salmo'' and ''Salvelinus'' genera appear to be the primary hosts and many other species can acquire natural infections. The organism is highly adapted to both infectivity and persistence in these hosts. Its '''intracellular''' nature provides it with both a '''nutrient source and method of evasion''' from the host immune response.
'''Salmonids''' of the ''Onchorhynchus, Salmo'' and ''Salvelinus'' genera appear to be the primary hosts and many other species can acquire natural infections. The organism is highly adapted to both infectivity and persistence in these hosts. Its '''intracellular''' nature provides it with both a '''nutrient source and method of evasion''' from the host immune response.
'''Pacific salmon''' species are the '''most susceptible''' with losses as high as 80% recorded,<ref>Evenden, A. J., Grayson, T. H., Gilpin, M. L., Munn, C. B (1993) '''Renibacterium salmoninarum and bacterial kidney disease - the unfinished jigsaw'''. ''Annual Review of Fish Diseases'', 3:87-104</ref> while '''Atlantic salmon '''and '''rainbow trout''' are thought to be '''more resistant'''.<ref>Evelyn, T. P. T (1993) '''Bacterial kidney disease - BKD'''. In: Inglis, V., Roberts, R. J., Bromage, N.R. eds. '''Bacterial Diseases of Fish'''. ''New York, USA: Halsted Press'', 177-195</ref>
'''Pacific salmon''' species are the '''most susceptible''' with losses as high as 80% recorded,<ref>Evenden, A. J., Grayson, T. H., Gilpin, M. L., Munn, C. B (1993) '''Renibacterium salmoninarum and bacterial kidney disease - the unfinished jigsaw'''. ''Annual Review of Fish Diseases'', 3:87-104</ref> while '''Atlantic salmon '''and '''rainbow trout''' are thought to be '''more resistant'''.<ref>Evelyn, T. P. T (1993) '''Bacterial kidney disease - BKD'''. In: Inglis, V., Roberts, R. J., Bromage, N.R. eds. '''Bacterial Diseases of Fish'''. ''New York, USA: Halsted Press'', 177-195</ref>
==Clinical Signs==
==Signos Clínicos==
Some fish show no, few or very subtle external signs of BKD.
Some fish show no, few or very subtle external signs of BKD. Pocos signos externos.
Affected fish may be '''lethargic, pale around the gills''' and may have '''exopthalmos. Haemorrhagic lesions''' may be visible around the vent or on the skin, fins and musculature. Cystic cavities may be visible within the musculature.
Affected fish may be '''lethargic, pale around the gills''' and may have '''exopthalmos. Haemorrhagic lesions''' may be visible around the vent or on the skin, fins and musculature. Cystic cavities may be visible within the musculature.
Fish with BKD are often found to be '''anaemic with a 49-66% decrease in circulating erythrocytes''', which are of a smaller size and have increased sedimentation rates. [[Bilirubin]], Blood Urea Nitrogen and Potassium also increase. <ref>Turaga, P., Wiens, G., Kaattari, S (1987) '''Bacterial kidney disease: the potential role of soluble protein antigen(s)'''. ''Journal of Fish Biology'', 31(Suppl. A):191-194</ref>
Fish with BKD are often found to be '''anaemic with a 49-66% decrease in circulating erythrocytes''', which are of a smaller size and have increased sedimentation rates. [[Bilirubin]], Blood Urea Nitrogen and Potassium also increase. <ref>Turaga, P., Wiens, G., Kaattari, S (1987) '''Bacterial kidney disease: the potential role of soluble protein antigen(s)'''. ''Journal of Fish Biology'', 31(Suppl. A):191-194</ref>
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnóstico==
Diagnosis most commonly relies on '''direct detection of bacteria or antigens''' rather than antibodies as the latter are both difficult to measure and an unreliable indicator of infection status.
Diagnosis most commonly relies on '''direct detection of bacteria or antigens''' rather than antibodies as the latter are both difficult to measure and an unreliable indicator of infection status.
Viable ''R. salmoninarum'' cam be '''detected in fresh and salt water by [[FAT|Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FAT)]] and culture'''.<ref>McKibben, C. L., Pascho, R. J (1999) '''Shedding of Renibacterium salmoninarum by infected chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha [tshawytscha]'''.'' Diseases of Aquatic Organisms'', 38(1):75-79</ref>
Viable ''R. salmoninarum'' cam be '''detected in fresh and salt water by [[FAT|Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FAT)]] and culture'''.<ref>McKibben, C. L., Pascho, R. J (1999) '''Shedding of Renibacterium salmoninarum by infected chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha [tshawytscha]'''.'' Diseases of Aquatic Organisms'', 38(1):75-79</ref>
==Treatment==
==Tratamiento==
'''Erythromycin and Oxytetracycline''' are the antibiotics of choice, both can be injected and oxytetracycline is also available in an oral formulation. Erythromycin resistance is increasing however. Both can be used in fry and broodstock.
'''Erythromycin and Oxytetracycline''' are the antibiotics of choice, both can be injected and oxytetracycline is also available in an oral formulation. Erythromycin resistance is increasing however. Both can be used in fry and broodstock.
'''Regular fallowing''' may help to break the disease cycle.<ref>Bruno, D. W (2004) '''Prevalence and diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in Scotland between 1990 and 2002'''. ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms'', 59:125-130</ref>
'''Regular fallowing''' may help to break the disease cycle.<ref>Bruno, D. W (2004) '''Prevalence and diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in Scotland between 1990 and 2002'''. ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms'', 59:125-130</ref>
'''An intra-peritoneal vaccine''' is also available but can only be used in fish >10g in weight.
Una '''vacuna intra-peritoneal''' esta disponible pero solo se puede utilizar en peces de más de 10g de peso.
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==References==
==Referencias==
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{{CABI source
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[[Category:Fish Diseases]]
[[Categoría:Enfermedades de Peces]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
[[Categoría:Artículos CABI]]