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Página creada con 'Tambien conocido como: '''''Fin Rot — Tail Rot — Peduncle Disease — Síndrome del Alevin de Trucha Arcoiris''''' Causado por: '''''Flavobacterium psychrophilum''''' previ...'
Tambien conocido como: '''''Fin Rot — Tail Rot — Peduncle Disease — Síndrome del Alevin de Trucha Arcoiris'''''
Causado por: '''''Flavobacterium psychrophilum''''' previamente conocido como: ''Cytophaga psychrophila — Flexibacter psychrophilus''
==Introducción==
[[File:CWD Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cold water Disease in an ayu (''Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis''). Wikimedia Commons]]
''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' es una [[Bacterias|bacteria]] '''gram-negativa rod shaped pathogen''', que causa '''Enfermedad del Agua Fría (EAF) en peces salmónidos'''. La enfermedad occurre tipicamente a temperaturas de'''menos de 13⁰C''', and is most '''serious and prevalent below 10⁰C.'''
This disease is not zoonotic and poses no public health risk.
==Distribución==
CWD is common in any area where water temperatures are consistently below 15⁰C. This includes '''América del Norte, el Reino Unido, Europa y partes de Oceania.'''
'''Asymptomatic carrier fish and contaminated water''' provide reservoirs for disease. Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' from these sources. '''Vertical transmission is also possible''', via ovarian fluid, milt, egg surfaces and mucus.<ref>Brown, L. L., Cox, W. T., Levine, R. P (1997) '''Evidence that the causal agent of bacterial cold-water disease ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is transmitted within salmonid eggs.''' ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,'' 29(3):213-218</ref> Eggs can also be experimentally contaminated and infected.
==Especies Susceptibles==
Most fishes worldwide are susceptible and the organism is '''ubiquitous.'''
Especies de salmónidos cultivados son afectados lo más frecuentes. Peces susceptibles incluyen: '''brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, walleye, whitefish, carp, dace and suckers.'''
==Signos Clínicos==
Fish infected with typical CWD have '''external skin lesions, often on the dorsum, lose their fins and may also have severe erosion of the caudal fin'''. Fins may appear '''dark, torn, split, ragged, frayed or have haemorrhagic red patches/spots''' visible. Affected fish are often lethargic and stop feeding.
'''Internal, systemic infection''' can also be a sequel of CWD.
In '''Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome''', acute disease is usual and '''mortality can approach 60%''' which is devastating in the commonly affected populations of tens of thousands of young fish. Shortly before death, fish are lethargic, have '''darkened skin, inappetance and demonstrate exopthalmos'''.
Salmonid fish can also acquire a '''chronic form of CWD characterised by erratic “corkscrew” swimming, blackened tails and spinal deformities'''.<ref> Blazer, V., Stark, K., Starliper, C (1996) '''Unusual histologic manifestations of ''Flexibacter psychrophila'' in hatchery salmonids'''. In: 21st Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop. ''Gloucester Point, Virginia'', 5-6 September, 10</ref> This may follow recovery from typical CWD.
==Diagnóstico==
Diagnosis is often presumed from history, clinical signs, pattern of mortality and water temperature etc, especially if the location has previously encountered CWD.
'''Cultures''' can be made from smears or samples of lesions and the organism cultured on '''reduced nutrient agar''', e.g. cytophaga agar, forming '''yellow creamy non-adhered colonies in 2-4days.'''
Histologically, '''periostitis, osteitis, meningitis and ganglioneuritis''' may be observed. In chronic disease cases, bacterial cells can accumulate in the cranial and vertebral areas causing '''inflammation and cartilage necrosis''' which leads to the spinal deformities noted.
==Tratamiento==
'''Quaternary ammonium compounds''' can be delivered in a static bath or flow through system for infected adult fish and fry. '''Potassium permanganate''', copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide can be applied externally but they can be toxic at high concentrations.
'''Terramycin''' can be added to feed as an alternative for adults, fry and broodstock. This can also be used preventively. Some resistance is emerging however.
==Control==
Ensuring '''water is pathogen-free and that water hardening''' is completed effectively for eggs is imperative.
Prophylactic antibiotic use should be carefully considered before implementation due to emerging resistance.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Cold Water Disease Flashcards]]
}}
==Referencias==
<references/>
Starliper, C.E. and Schill, W.B. 2011. '''Flavobacterial Diseases: Coldwater Disease, Columnaris Disease, and Bacterial Gill Diseases.''' In: '''Fish Diseases and Disorders Volume 3''': Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections, 2nd. Edition (eds. P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno), ''CABI'', Wallingford, UK, pp. 606-631
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=87862 cold-water disease] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=82793&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'']
|date =10 July 2011
}}
<br><br>
{{Patrick Woo
|date = 24 August 2011
}}
[[Categoría:Enfermedades de Peces]]
[[Categoría:CABI Expert Review Completed]]
Causado por: '''''Flavobacterium psychrophilum''''' previamente conocido como: ''Cytophaga psychrophila — Flexibacter psychrophilus''
==Introducción==
[[File:CWD Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cold water Disease in an ayu (''Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis''). Wikimedia Commons]]
''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' es una [[Bacterias|bacteria]] '''gram-negativa rod shaped pathogen''', que causa '''Enfermedad del Agua Fría (EAF) en peces salmónidos'''. La enfermedad occurre tipicamente a temperaturas de'''menos de 13⁰C''', and is most '''serious and prevalent below 10⁰C.'''
This disease is not zoonotic and poses no public health risk.
==Distribución==
CWD is common in any area where water temperatures are consistently below 15⁰C. This includes '''América del Norte, el Reino Unido, Europa y partes de Oceania.'''
'''Asymptomatic carrier fish and contaminated water''' provide reservoirs for disease. Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' from these sources. '''Vertical transmission is also possible''', via ovarian fluid, milt, egg surfaces and mucus.<ref>Brown, L. L., Cox, W. T., Levine, R. P (1997) '''Evidence that the causal agent of bacterial cold-water disease ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is transmitted within salmonid eggs.''' ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,'' 29(3):213-218</ref> Eggs can also be experimentally contaminated and infected.
==Especies Susceptibles==
Most fishes worldwide are susceptible and the organism is '''ubiquitous.'''
Especies de salmónidos cultivados son afectados lo más frecuentes. Peces susceptibles incluyen: '''brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, walleye, whitefish, carp, dace and suckers.'''
==Signos Clínicos==
Fish infected with typical CWD have '''external skin lesions, often on the dorsum, lose their fins and may also have severe erosion of the caudal fin'''. Fins may appear '''dark, torn, split, ragged, frayed or have haemorrhagic red patches/spots''' visible. Affected fish are often lethargic and stop feeding.
'''Internal, systemic infection''' can also be a sequel of CWD.
In '''Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome''', acute disease is usual and '''mortality can approach 60%''' which is devastating in the commonly affected populations of tens of thousands of young fish. Shortly before death, fish are lethargic, have '''darkened skin, inappetance and demonstrate exopthalmos'''.
Salmonid fish can also acquire a '''chronic form of CWD characterised by erratic “corkscrew” swimming, blackened tails and spinal deformities'''.<ref> Blazer, V., Stark, K., Starliper, C (1996) '''Unusual histologic manifestations of ''Flexibacter psychrophila'' in hatchery salmonids'''. In: 21st Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop. ''Gloucester Point, Virginia'', 5-6 September, 10</ref> This may follow recovery from typical CWD.
==Diagnóstico==
Diagnosis is often presumed from history, clinical signs, pattern of mortality and water temperature etc, especially if the location has previously encountered CWD.
'''Cultures''' can be made from smears or samples of lesions and the organism cultured on '''reduced nutrient agar''', e.g. cytophaga agar, forming '''yellow creamy non-adhered colonies in 2-4days.'''
Histologically, '''periostitis, osteitis, meningitis and ganglioneuritis''' may be observed. In chronic disease cases, bacterial cells can accumulate in the cranial and vertebral areas causing '''inflammation and cartilage necrosis''' which leads to the spinal deformities noted.
==Tratamiento==
'''Quaternary ammonium compounds''' can be delivered in a static bath or flow through system for infected adult fish and fry. '''Potassium permanganate''', copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide can be applied externally but they can be toxic at high concentrations.
'''Terramycin''' can be added to feed as an alternative for adults, fry and broodstock. This can also be used preventively. Some resistance is emerging however.
==Control==
Ensuring '''water is pathogen-free and that water hardening''' is completed effectively for eggs is imperative.
Prophylactic antibiotic use should be carefully considered before implementation due to emerging resistance.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Cold Water Disease Flashcards]]
}}
==Referencias==
<references/>
Starliper, C.E. and Schill, W.B. 2011. '''Flavobacterial Diseases: Coldwater Disease, Columnaris Disease, and Bacterial Gill Diseases.''' In: '''Fish Diseases and Disorders Volume 3''': Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections, 2nd. Edition (eds. P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno), ''CABI'', Wallingford, UK, pp. 606-631
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=87862 cold-water disease] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=82793&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'']
|date =10 July 2011
}}
<br><br>
{{Patrick Woo
|date = 24 August 2011
}}
[[Categoría:Enfermedades de Peces]]
[[Categoría:CABI Expert Review Completed]]