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Página creada con '==Resumen== Mastication is the process whereby food is broken down by mechanical digestion in the cavidad oral. The [[Mejil...'
==Resumen==
Mastication is the process whereby food is broken down by mechanical digestion in the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]]. The [[Mejillas|mejillas]] and [[Lengua - Anatomía & Fisiología|lengua]] function to position food over the [[:Categoría:Dientes - Anatomía & Fisiología|dientes]], where grinding can occur. Mastication requires correct muscle movements and jaw articulation.
'''[[Rumination - Anatomía & Fisiología|Rumination]]''' allows food to undergo mastication more than once. This is also called 'chewing the cud', it allows greater nutrients to be extracted and absorbed from the food particles.
==Muscles of Mastication==
[[Image:Muscles of Mastication.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Muscle of Mastication (dog) - Copyright C.Clarkson and T.F.Fletcher University of Minnesota]]
The muscles of mastication are well developed.
===Jaw Opening Muscles===
The '''Digastricus muscle''' is the 'jaw opening' muscle. Its origin is the '''paracondylar process''' of the '''[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Occipital Bone (os occipitale)|occipital bone]]'''. It inserts at the angle of the '''[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]'''. The muscle has two bellies; The '''caudal half''' from the second visceral arch innervated by the '''facial''' nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN VII]]) and the '''cranial half''' from the first visceral arch, innervated by the '''mandibular''' branch of the '''trigeminal''' nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN V3]]).
===Jaw Closing Muscles===
All jaw closing muscles are derived from the first visceral arch and are innervated by the '''mandibular''' branch of the '''trigeminal''' nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN V3]]).
The '''masseter muscle''' originates from the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Maxilla|maxilliary]] region of the skull and the zygomatic arch. It inserts on the wide area on the caudal side of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It has several divisions and causes '''unilateral''' and '''bilateral''' contraction. It also protrudes the jaw.
The '''lateral pterygoid muscle''' originates from the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Pterygoid Bone (os pterygoideum)|pterygopalatine]] region of the skull. It inserts on the lateral aspect of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It also protrudes the jaw (one-sided contraction).
The '''medial pterygoid muscle''' originates from the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Pterygoid Bone (os pterygoideum)|pterygopalatine]] region of the skull. It inserts on the medial aspect of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It causes one-sided contraction to close the jaw.
The '''temporal muscle''' originates from the lateral surface of the cranium. It inserts on the coronoid process. It pulls the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] dorsally and also pulls the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] rostrally (overbite) and caudally (underbite).
===Lateral Translation of the Mandible===
The '''masseter muscle''' and the contralateral medial and lateral '''pterygoids''' are involved in the lateral translation of the mandible.
==Jaw Articulation==
[[Image:Jaw Articulation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jaw Articulation (horse) - Copyright RVC]]
===Temperomandibular Joint===
The articulation between the condylar process of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] and the mandibular process of the skull. It is a compartmentalised joint for rotational movement and lateral slide (grinding). It is a '''synovial joint'''. Caudal dislocation is prevented by a prominent retro-articular process (enlargement of the fossa).
===Mandibular Symphasis===
[[Image:Temperomandibular Joint.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Temperomandibular Joint (dog) - Copyright RVC]]
Located at the rostral end of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It is a '''fibrous joint''' between the left and right halves of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It is only found in dogs and ruminants. It has a precise occlusion and the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|Mandibular]] bones can move apart independently by rotation. It stops jaw breakages (Canid).
==Diferencias Entre las Especies==
===Hebivores===
Herbivores have large '''masseter''' and '''pterygoid''' muscles for extensive chewing. Herbiverous species have a limited '''digastricus''' muscle. In the horse, the muscle insertion site for the '''masseter''' is large to snap jaw shut.
===Carnivores===
Carnivores have a large '''temporalis''' muscle for snapping the jaw shut, e.g. in lions and pitbull terriers. Canids have a larger '''digasticus''' muscle than herbivores (but smaller in comparison with jaw closing muscles). In the dog, large forces are needed to shut the jaws, so the point of articulation of the '''temporomandibular joint''' is level with the teeth.
==Enlaces==
'''Comprobar tus conocimientos con los [[Cavidad Oral - Anatomía & Fisiología - Flashcards#Mastication Flashcards|Mastication Flashcards]] and the
[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial Muscles Flashcards]].'''
'''Click here for [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología]]'''
'''Enlaces de Video'''
1.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0220.mp4 Pot 220 Lateral surface of the head of a dog]
2.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0258.mp4 Pot 258 Lateral section through the head of a dog]
[[Categoría:Dientes - Anatomía & Fisiología]]
[[Categoría:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomía & Fisiología]]
[[Categoría:Feeding Control]]
Mastication is the process whereby food is broken down by mechanical digestion in the [[Cavidad Oral - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]]. The [[Mejillas|mejillas]] and [[Lengua - Anatomía & Fisiología|lengua]] function to position food over the [[:Categoría:Dientes - Anatomía & Fisiología|dientes]], where grinding can occur. Mastication requires correct muscle movements and jaw articulation.
'''[[Rumination - Anatomía & Fisiología|Rumination]]''' allows food to undergo mastication more than once. This is also called 'chewing the cud', it allows greater nutrients to be extracted and absorbed from the food particles.
==Muscles of Mastication==
[[Image:Muscles of Mastication.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Muscle of Mastication (dog) - Copyright C.Clarkson and T.F.Fletcher University of Minnesota]]
The muscles of mastication are well developed.
===Jaw Opening Muscles===
The '''Digastricus muscle''' is the 'jaw opening' muscle. Its origin is the '''paracondylar process''' of the '''[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Occipital Bone (os occipitale)|occipital bone]]'''. It inserts at the angle of the '''[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]'''. The muscle has two bellies; The '''caudal half''' from the second visceral arch innervated by the '''facial''' nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN VII]]) and the '''cranial half''' from the first visceral arch, innervated by the '''mandibular''' branch of the '''trigeminal''' nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN V3]]).
===Jaw Closing Muscles===
All jaw closing muscles are derived from the first visceral arch and are innervated by the '''mandibular''' branch of the '''trigeminal''' nerve ([[Nervios Craneales - Anatomía & Fisiología|CN V3]]).
The '''masseter muscle''' originates from the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Maxilla|maxilliary]] region of the skull and the zygomatic arch. It inserts on the wide area on the caudal side of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It has several divisions and causes '''unilateral''' and '''bilateral''' contraction. It also protrudes the jaw.
The '''lateral pterygoid muscle''' originates from the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Pterygoid Bone (os pterygoideum)|pterygopalatine]] region of the skull. It inserts on the lateral aspect of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It also protrudes the jaw (one-sided contraction).
The '''medial pterygoid muscle''' originates from the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Pterygoid Bone (os pterygoideum)|pterygopalatine]] region of the skull. It inserts on the medial aspect of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It causes one-sided contraction to close the jaw.
The '''temporal muscle''' originates from the lateral surface of the cranium. It inserts on the coronoid process. It pulls the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] dorsally and also pulls the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] rostrally (overbite) and caudally (underbite).
===Lateral Translation of the Mandible===
The '''masseter muscle''' and the contralateral medial and lateral '''pterygoids''' are involved in the lateral translation of the mandible.
==Jaw Articulation==
[[Image:Jaw Articulation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jaw Articulation (horse) - Copyright RVC]]
===Temperomandibular Joint===
The articulation between the condylar process of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] and the mandibular process of the skull. It is a compartmentalised joint for rotational movement and lateral slide (grinding). It is a '''synovial joint'''. Caudal dislocation is prevented by a prominent retro-articular process (enlargement of the fossa).
===Mandibular Symphasis===
[[Image:Temperomandibular Joint.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Temperomandibular Joint (dog) - Copyright RVC]]
Located at the rostral end of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It is a '''fibrous joint''' between the left and right halves of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It is only found in dogs and ruminants. It has a precise occlusion and the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología#Mandible (mandibula)|Mandibular]] bones can move apart independently by rotation. It stops jaw breakages (Canid).
==Diferencias Entre las Especies==
===Hebivores===
Herbivores have large '''masseter''' and '''pterygoid''' muscles for extensive chewing. Herbiverous species have a limited '''digastricus''' muscle. In the horse, the muscle insertion site for the '''masseter''' is large to snap jaw shut.
===Carnivores===
Carnivores have a large '''temporalis''' muscle for snapping the jaw shut, e.g. in lions and pitbull terriers. Canids have a larger '''digasticus''' muscle than herbivores (but smaller in comparison with jaw closing muscles). In the dog, large forces are needed to shut the jaws, so the point of articulation of the '''temporomandibular joint''' is level with the teeth.
==Enlaces==
'''Comprobar tus conocimientos con los [[Cavidad Oral - Anatomía & Fisiología - Flashcards#Mastication Flashcards|Mastication Flashcards]] and the
[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial Muscles Flashcards]].'''
'''Click here for [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomía & Fisiología]]'''
'''Enlaces de Video'''
1.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0220.mp4 Pot 220 Lateral surface of the head of a dog]
2.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0258.mp4 Pot 258 Lateral section through the head of a dog]
[[Categoría:Dientes - Anatomía & Fisiología]]
[[Categoría:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomía & Fisiología]]
[[Categoría:Feeding Control]]