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==Resumen==
The colon is a site of microbial fermentation, the relative importance of this is [[#Diferencias Entre las Especies|dependiente de la especie]]. The colon can be divided into the following portions; '''Ascending''', '''transverse''' and '''descending'''.
==Estructura==
[[Image:illustration dog descending colon.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Illustration of the dog's descending colon - © RVC 2008]]
The following anatomical arrangement is found only in cats and dogs, see [[#Diferencias Entre las Especies|diferencias entre las especies]].
The '''ascending colon''' continues from the [[Ileum - Anatomía & Fisiología|iluem]] at the '''ileocolic junction'''. It runs to the right of the '''cranial mesenteric artery''' in a caudal to cranial direction. At the cranial border of the mesentery it turns medially to become the '''transverse colon'''. The transverse colon runs from the right side of the abdomen to the left side of the abdomen. Cranial to the transverse colon is the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomía & Fisiología|stomach]], and caudal to it is the [[Intestino Delgado - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|intestino delgado]] and '''cranial mesenteric artery'''. The '''descending colon''' continues on from the transverse colon running caudally on the left. It then passes more medially as it enters the pelvic cavity. Upon entering the pelvic cavity it is continued as the [[Recto - Anatomía & Fisiología|recto]].
==Function==
The colon is a site of microbial fermentation and absorption of the products of microbial fermentation, [[Volatile Fatty Acids|volatile fatty acids(VFAs)]]. Transportation is also important here. Motility in most species is brought about by segmentation and peristalsis. '''Antiperistalsis''' also occurs and is particularly important in horses, ruminants and rodents. Chyme is transported towards the small intestine so as to fill the [[Ciego - Anatomía & Fisiología|ciego]]. In the horse, the antiperistaltic movements delay the movement of chyme from the ventral to the dorsal colon, which increases the time chyme is available for fermentation in the ventral colon. ''Mass movements'' move the content of the large intestine into the [[Recto - Anatomía & Fisiología|recto]].
==Diferencias Entre las Especies==
===Rumiante===
The '''ascending colon''' is the longest part of the colon and is composed of three parts. The '''ansa proximalis''' has a sigmoid flexure that passes around the caudal border of the mesentry to the left side of the root of the mesentry. The '''ansa spiralis''' consists of two centripetal turns and two centrifugal turns in the '''ox'''. There are three turns in the sheep and four in the goat. In the ox, the ansa spiralis is a flat disc, whilst in the small ruminants it takes the form of a cone. The '''ansa distalis''' goes back around the caudal border of the mesentry, to the right side of the root of mesentry. It then passes cranially adjacent to the mesentery until it reaches the cranial border of the mesentery. The '''transverse colon''' crosses the midline of the abdomen, from right to left at the cranial border of the mesentery. The '''descending colon''' continues caudally to the [[Recto - Anatomía & Fisiología|recto]] and [[Ano - Anatomía & Fisiología|ano]]. It has a sigmoid flexure before it enters the pelvic cavity.
'''Desarrollo'''
The ox's ascending colon expands '''caudally''' around the root of the mesentery on the left side of the mesentery (compare to horse, where it expands cranially).
===Equino===
For information on the equine colon, see: [[Equine Alimentary System - Anatomía & Fisiología|equine alimentary system]].
===Porcino===
The arrangement of the transverse and descending colon is similar to that of the dog and cat, but the ascending colon is different.
The ascending colon is elongated and coiled to form a cone-shaped organ. The base of the cone is attached to the dorsal abdominal wall and the apex points ventrally. The position of the ascending colon varies with filling of the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomía & Fisiología|stomach]]. From the [[Ciego - Anatomía & Fisiología|ciego]], there are clockwise centripetal turns to the apex of the cone. Then the centrifugal turns run anti-clockwise on the inside of the cone. Centripetal turns have two taenia, whilst centrifugal turns have none.
==Histología==
[[Image:Colon fox transverse section.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colon (fox) - © RVC 2008]]
The '''mucosa''' of the colon is thick and has long glands with columnar epithelium. The '''Submucosa''' has large lymphatic nodules which may interrupt the '''lamina muscularis'''. The lamina muscularis is incomplete in the colon.
==Enlaces==
'''Comprobar tus conocimientos con los [[Colon_- Anatomía & Fisiología_-_Flashcards|Colon Flashcards]]'''
'''Click here for information on the [[Intestines, Small and Large - Pathology|pathology of the Small and Large Intestines]]'''
'''Enlaces de Video:'''
1.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0048.mp4 Pot 48 The Small and Large intestine of the Ruminant]
2.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/left_topography.mp4 Left Sided topography of the Equine abdomen]
3.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/right_topography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Equine Abdomen]
4.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/feline/pot0357.mp4 Pot 357 The Feline Abdomen]
5.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LargeSmallIntestine.mp4 Small and Large intestine of the Sheep]
6.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]
7.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/swine/Pig_abdomen.mp4 The Porcine Abdomen]
[[Categoría:Intestino Grueso - Anatomía & Fisiología]]
The colon is a site of microbial fermentation, the relative importance of this is [[#Diferencias Entre las Especies|dependiente de la especie]]. The colon can be divided into the following portions; '''Ascending''', '''transverse''' and '''descending'''.
==Estructura==
[[Image:illustration dog descending colon.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Illustration of the dog's descending colon - © RVC 2008]]
The following anatomical arrangement is found only in cats and dogs, see [[#Diferencias Entre las Especies|diferencias entre las especies]].
The '''ascending colon''' continues from the [[Ileum - Anatomía & Fisiología|iluem]] at the '''ileocolic junction'''. It runs to the right of the '''cranial mesenteric artery''' in a caudal to cranial direction. At the cranial border of the mesentery it turns medially to become the '''transverse colon'''. The transverse colon runs from the right side of the abdomen to the left side of the abdomen. Cranial to the transverse colon is the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomía & Fisiología|stomach]], and caudal to it is the [[Intestino Delgado - Resumen - Anatomía & Fisiología|intestino delgado]] and '''cranial mesenteric artery'''. The '''descending colon''' continues on from the transverse colon running caudally on the left. It then passes more medially as it enters the pelvic cavity. Upon entering the pelvic cavity it is continued as the [[Recto - Anatomía & Fisiología|recto]].
==Function==
The colon is a site of microbial fermentation and absorption of the products of microbial fermentation, [[Volatile Fatty Acids|volatile fatty acids(VFAs)]]. Transportation is also important here. Motility in most species is brought about by segmentation and peristalsis. '''Antiperistalsis''' also occurs and is particularly important in horses, ruminants and rodents. Chyme is transported towards the small intestine so as to fill the [[Ciego - Anatomía & Fisiología|ciego]]. In the horse, the antiperistaltic movements delay the movement of chyme from the ventral to the dorsal colon, which increases the time chyme is available for fermentation in the ventral colon. ''Mass movements'' move the content of the large intestine into the [[Recto - Anatomía & Fisiología|recto]].
==Diferencias Entre las Especies==
===Rumiante===
The '''ascending colon''' is the longest part of the colon and is composed of three parts. The '''ansa proximalis''' has a sigmoid flexure that passes around the caudal border of the mesentry to the left side of the root of the mesentry. The '''ansa spiralis''' consists of two centripetal turns and two centrifugal turns in the '''ox'''. There are three turns in the sheep and four in the goat. In the ox, the ansa spiralis is a flat disc, whilst in the small ruminants it takes the form of a cone. The '''ansa distalis''' goes back around the caudal border of the mesentry, to the right side of the root of mesentry. It then passes cranially adjacent to the mesentery until it reaches the cranial border of the mesentery. The '''transverse colon''' crosses the midline of the abdomen, from right to left at the cranial border of the mesentery. The '''descending colon''' continues caudally to the [[Recto - Anatomía & Fisiología|recto]] and [[Ano - Anatomía & Fisiología|ano]]. It has a sigmoid flexure before it enters the pelvic cavity.
'''Desarrollo'''
The ox's ascending colon expands '''caudally''' around the root of the mesentery on the left side of the mesentery (compare to horse, where it expands cranially).
===Equino===
For information on the equine colon, see: [[Equine Alimentary System - Anatomía & Fisiología|equine alimentary system]].
===Porcino===
The arrangement of the transverse and descending colon is similar to that of the dog and cat, but the ascending colon is different.
The ascending colon is elongated and coiled to form a cone-shaped organ. The base of the cone is attached to the dorsal abdominal wall and the apex points ventrally. The position of the ascending colon varies with filling of the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomía & Fisiología|stomach]]. From the [[Ciego - Anatomía & Fisiología|ciego]], there are clockwise centripetal turns to the apex of the cone. Then the centrifugal turns run anti-clockwise on the inside of the cone. Centripetal turns have two taenia, whilst centrifugal turns have none.
==Histología==
[[Image:Colon fox transverse section.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colon (fox) - © RVC 2008]]
The '''mucosa''' of the colon is thick and has long glands with columnar epithelium. The '''Submucosa''' has large lymphatic nodules which may interrupt the '''lamina muscularis'''. The lamina muscularis is incomplete in the colon.
==Enlaces==
'''Comprobar tus conocimientos con los [[Colon_- Anatomía & Fisiología_-_Flashcards|Colon Flashcards]]'''
'''Click here for information on the [[Intestines, Small and Large - Pathology|pathology of the Small and Large Intestines]]'''
'''Enlaces de Video:'''
1.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0048.mp4 Pot 48 The Small and Large intestine of the Ruminant]
2.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/left_topography.mp4 Left Sided topography of the Equine abdomen]
3.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/right_topography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Equine Abdomen]
4.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/feline/pot0357.mp4 Pot 357 The Feline Abdomen]
5.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LargeSmallIntestine.mp4 Small and Large intestine of the Sheep]
6.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]
7.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/swine/Pig_abdomen.mp4 The Porcine Abdomen]
[[Categoría:Intestino Grueso - Anatomía & Fisiología]]