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==La Fisiología de la Alimentación==

==La Fisiología de la Alimentación==

Different hormones, neurotransmitters and reflexes are involved in the complicated [[Control of Feeding - Anatomía & Fisiología|process of feeding]] in animals. [[Control of Feeding - Anatomía & Fisiología#Control of GIT Secretions|Secretions]] and [[Control of Feeding - Anatomía & Fisiología#Control of Motility|motility]] of the gastrointestinal tract are stimulated and carefully regulated by numerous factors, including environmental stimuli and the presence of food in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, which is deteted by chemoreceptors and mechanical receptors. Motility is modified by both intrinsic and extrinsic nervous sytems, and neurological reflex mechanisms prevent food from accidentally passing into the trachea during [[Deglutition|deglutition]], or swallowing.  

Different hormones, neurotransmitters and reflexes are involved in the complicated [[Control del Alimentación - Anatomía & Fisiología|process of feeding]] in animals. [[Control del Alimentación - Anatomía & Fisiología#Control of GIT Secretions|Secretions]] and [[Control del Alimentación - Anatomía & Fisiología#Control of Motility|motility]] of the gastrointestinal tract are stimulated and carefully regulated by numerous factors, including environmental stimuli and the presence of food in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, which is deteted by chemoreceptors and mechanical receptors. Motility is modified by both intrinsic and extrinsic nervous sytems, and neurological reflex mechanisms prevent food from accidentally passing into the trachea during [[Deglutition|deglutition]], or swallowing.  

When a harmful substance is ingested the body acts to eliminate it in different ways to prevent the animal becoming ill, for example, through [[Control of Feeding - Anatomía & Fisiología#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] or diarrhoea. If one or more of the [[Control of Feeding - Anatomía & Fisiología#Neuroendocrine Regulation of Feeding|neuroendocrine pathways]] involved with the control of feeding is damaged or inhibited, then problems such as obesity can occur.  

When a harmful substance is ingested the body acts to eliminate it in different ways to prevent the animal becoming ill, for example, through [[Control of Feeding - Anatomía & Fisiología#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] or diarrhoea. If one or more of the [[Control del Alimentación - Anatomía & Fisiología#Neuroendocrine Regulation of Feeding|neuroendocrine pathways]] involved with the control of feeding is damaged or inhibited, then problems such as obesity can occur.  

There are many species differences in the phsiology of feeding, from different [[Control of Feeding - Anatomía & Fisiología#Feeding Methods|feeding methods]] to adaptations during the digestive process such as additional cycles of [[Mastication|mastication]] which is seen during [[Rumination - Anatomía & Fisiología|rumination]] and [[Eructation - Anatomía & Fisiología|eructation]].

There are many species differences in the phsiology of feeding, from different [[Control del Alimentación - Anatomía & Fisiología#Métodos de Alimentación|métodos de alimentación]] to adaptations during the digestive process such as additional cycles of [[Mastication|mastication]] which is seen during [[Rumination - Anatomía & Fisiología|rumination]] and [[Eructation - Anatomía & Fisiología|eructation]].

==El Aparato Digestivo Aviar==

==El Aparato Digestivo Aviar==

[[Image:Cockatiel.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cockatiel - Copyright nabrown 2008]]

[[Image:Cockatiel.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cockatiel - Copyright nabrown 2008]]

The [[Sistema Alimentario del Ave - Anatomía & Fisiología|avian alimentary system]] differs immensely from the basic mammalian design. Food can move in a  retrograde fashion from the [[Proventriculus - Anatomía & Fisiología|proventriculus]] to the [[Crop - Anatomía & Fisiología|crop]]. Food can also pass from the [[Gizzard - Anatomía & Fisiología|gizzard]], which is the equivalent of a muscular stomach back into the [[Proventriculus - Anatomía & Fisiología|proventriculus]], or glandular stomach depending on particle size. The egestion of bones occurs once the nutritious material has been ingested. During reflux, gastric motility is inhibited and the pellet is expelled through the [[Avian Oral Cavity - Anatomía & Fisiología|oral cavity]] by oesophageal antiperistaltis. This cleans the [[Crop - Anatomía & Fisiología|crop]] out and checking the pellet of captive birds should be undertaken daily to assess health.

The [[Sistema Alimentario del Ave - Anatomía & Fisiología|Sistema Alimentario del Ave]] differs immensely from the basic mammalian design. Food can move in a  retrograde fashion from the [[Proventriculus - Anatomía & Fisiología|proventriculus]] to the [[Crop - Anatomía & Fisiología|crop]]. Food can also pass from the [[Gizzard - Anatomía & Fisiología|gizzard]], which is the equivalent of a muscular stomach back into the [[Proventriculus - Anatomía & Fisiología|proventriculus]], or glandular stomach depending on particle size. The egestion of bones occurs once the nutritious material has been ingested. During reflux, gastric motility is inhibited and the pellet is expelled through the [[Cavidad Oral del Ave - Anatomía & Fisiología|cavidad oral]] by oesophageal antiperistaltis. This cleans the [[Crop - Anatomía & Fisiología|crop]] out and checking the pellet of captive birds should be undertaken daily to assess health.

The [[Avian Intestines - Anatomía & Fisiología|avian intestines]] shows some species specific anatomical variety, and the hindgut of the avian digestive system differs from mammalian anatomy as it terminates in the [[Avian Vent and Cloaca - Anatomía & Fisiología|cloaca]]. The external opening through which faecal matter and uric acid is excreted is called the [[Avian Vent and Cloaca - Anatomía & Fisiología|vent]]. The shape of the vent varies depending on species. Avian species vary in the presence or absence of a [[Avian_Liver_- Anatomía & Fisiología#Gallbladder:_Species_Differences|gall bladder]], and the avian [[Avian Liver - Anatomía & Fisiología|liver]] differs from the mammalian liver, being bilobular.

The [[Avian Intestines - Anatomía & Fisiología|avian intestines]] shows some species specific anatomical variety, and the hindgut of the avian digestive system differs from mammalian anatomy as it terminates in the [[Avian Vent and Cloaca - Anatomía & Fisiología|cloaca]]. The external opening through which faecal matter and uric acid is excreted is called the [[Avian Vent and Cloaca - Anatomía & Fisiología|vent]]. The shape of the vent varies depending on species. Avian species vary in the presence or absence of a [[Avian_Liver_- Anatomía & Fisiología#Gallbladder:_Species_Differences|gall bladder]], and the avian [[Avian Liver - Anatomía & Fisiología|higado]] differs from the mammalian liver, being bilobular.

==Comprobar tus Conocimientos con Los Flashcards del Sistema Alimentario==

==Comprobar tus Conocimientos con Los Flashcards del Sistema Alimentario==

[[:Category:Alimentary System Flashcards|Alimentary Flashcards]]

[[:Categoría:Flashcards del Sistema Alimentario|Flashcards del Sistema Alimentario]]

[[The Avian Alimentary Tract - Anatomía & Fisiología - Flashcards|Avian Alimentary Tract Flashcards]]

[[Sistema Alimentario del Ave - Anatomía & Fisiología - Flashcards|Flashcards del Sistema Alimentario del Ave]]

==Referencias==

==Referencias==